The Principles of Assessment in Learning and Development

Unit 301 - Understanding the principles and practices of assessment Learner Name: Steven Hoyle Understand the principles and requirements of assessment 1.1 - Explain the functions of assessment in learning and development The main purpose of assessment is to establish a person`s level of knowledge or skill in a particular field. This can take place before during or after a process of learning. The feedback given during this process is helpful to the learner to improve their performance as they progress with their work. Assessment is also a useful tool for employers to see whether employees are capable of performing their given roles. Assessment should be provided in an unbiased and objective manner regardless of personal†¦show more content†¦Simulation assessment is used when the vocation is of a dangerous or sensitive nature such as a fireman or bereavement councillor. Observing dangerous tasks are safer when simulated but do not provide the same degree of pressure as the real thing, similarly with sensitive issues it would not be appropriate to put a learner with someone in a distressed state. Recognised Prior Learning is useful where a learner has previously carried out some o f the required work for their qualification, saving a lot of time repeating work. This is provided the relevant evidence is made available to show the learning was achieved to the required level. Self assessment, witness testimony and peer assessment are all able to be done at the learners own pace saving time but they also require each other and other types of assessment to verify their authenticity that they were actually done by the learner. Products of work and projects again are great ways to assess a learner`s ability to produce a specified item and use research methods to obtain completion of work without the assessor or learner being in the same room when marked. But again these require other assessment methods such as peer assessment or a witness testimony in order to validate them. But at the same time these allow learners with difficulty in expressing themselves in certain ways to show their knowledge of the qualification. By making reasonable and relevant adjustment to learners needs in orderShow MoreRelatedEducational Psychology and Assessment1205 Words   |  5 PagesCertificate in Teaching in the Lifelong Learning Sector - (Intensive) |Unit Title |CTLLS UNIT 3 - Principles Practice of Assessment | |Theory Assessment Number | | |Candidate Name |KEN PHILLIPS |Candidate Number | | |Date Issued | Read Morea1 assessor834 Words   |  4 PagesUnderstanding the Principles and Practices of Assessment. 1. Explain the functions of assessment in learning and development The function of assessment in learning and development is primarily to provide a measure of the students progress. 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Poetry Is Not Turning Loose From Emotion, By Sylvia Plath...

Evaluation Essay Poetry is not turning loose from emotion, rather it is an escape from emotion. It is a chance to be out of your body and express feelings from a third person perspective. Poetry is a surplus of emotion and power that is taken to paper to share with those who can relate. When you have nothing to say or don’t know how to say it – it is poetry. It can be as simple as explaining an ocean set landscape, to as complicated as explaining how you feel from the inside out. Sylvia Plath effectively expresses her complicated emotions in a form that is bizarre to some. Leaving the reader in curiosity, she uses the stroke of a pen to capture the people who can not capture themselves. Sylvia Plath effectively captivates her readers appeal through her poetry by using emotional appeal, powerful language, and profound and developing structure. Sylvia Plath had a past that represents the type of hell that is unimaginable by a normal mind. Her birth by the seed of her educated parents was on October 27th, 1932. Her relationship with her father never fully developed as he died when she was only eight years old from a complication of diabetes. This death confused her psyche and destroyed her innocence at a young age, further creating a precedent of insanity and depression. Her creativity and ambition for success started with her daily journal that she kept from the age of eleven. As she grew to her teenage she posted her writings in regional magazines and newspapers whichShow MoreRelated Creativity and Mental Illness Essay2384 Words   |  10 Pagesintelligence--whether much that is glorious--whether all that is profound--does not spring from disease of thought--from moods of mind exalted at the expense of the general intellect. Those who dream by day are cognizant of many things which escape those who dream only by night - E dgar Allen Poe When you are insane, you are busy being insane - all the time... When I was crazy, thats all I was. - Sylvia Plath Is creative genius somehow woven together with madness? According to the dictionaryRead MoreContemporary American Poetry and Its Public Worlds Essay8159 Words   |  33 Pagespropensity from those we have known so far--philosophers of the dangerous maybe in every sense. (Friedrich Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil, sec 2.) This will not be one more lament for the sad state of contemporary American poetry. Yet to define some of the basic strengths of new work I have to begin with what seems like a lament. For perhaps the most important invigorating element for contemporaries is a widespread dissatisfaction with what is called romantic lyricism, poetry based on the

Dr. Zaks Case Study free essay sample

University of Phoenix Material Dr. Zak Case Study Instructions READ THE FOLLOWING CASE STUDY. USE THE INFORMATION IN THE CASE STUDY TO ANSWER THE ACCOMPANYING FOLLOW-UP QUESTIONS. ALTHOUGH QUESTIONS 1 2 HAVE SHORT ANSWERS, YOU SHOULD PREPARE A 150- TO 200-WORD RESPONSE TO EACH OF THE REMAINING QUESTIONS. CASe Study DR. ZAK DEVELOPED A TEST TO MEASURE DEPRESSION. HE SAMPLED 100 UNIVERSITY STUDENTS TO TAKE HIS FIVE ITEM TEST. THE GROUP OF STUDENTS WAS COMPRISED OF 30 MEN AND 70 WOMEN. IN THIS GROUP, FOUR PERSONS WERE AFRICAN AMERICAN, SIX PERSONS WERE HISPANIC, AND ONE PERSON WAS ASIAN. ZAK’S MIRACULOUS TEST OF DEPRESSION IS PRINTED BELOW: 1. I feel depressed:Yes No 2. I have been sad for the last two weeks:YesNo 3. I have seen changes in my eating and sleeping:YesNo 4. I don’t feel that life is going to get better:YesNo 5. I feel happy most of the day:YesNo Yes = 1; No = 0 The mean on this test is 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Dr. Zaks Case Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 5 with a standard deviation of . 5. Follow-Up Questions 1. SALLY SCORES 1. 5 ON THIS TEST. HOW MANY STANDARD DEVIATIONS IS SALLY FROM THE MEAN? (SHOW YOUR CALCULATIONS) Sally score (1. 5) is below the means (3. 5) Sally’ score –mean (1. 5-3. 5) = -2 2/. 5= -4 Sally’s standard deviations from the means 2. Billy scores 5. What is his standard score? In statistics, a standard score indicates how many standard deviations an observation is above or below the mean. Billy’s score (5) is above the mean (3. 5) Billy score – means (5-3. 5) = 1. 5 1. 5/standard deviation= 1. 5/. 5 = 3 (standard score) how many standard deviations Billy is above the means 3. What scale of measurement is Dr. Zak using? Do you think Dr. Zak’s choice of scaling is appropriate? Why or why not? What are your suggestions? 4. Do you think Dr. Zak has a good sample on which to norm his test? Why or why not? What are your suggestions? 5. What other items do you think need to be included in Dr. Zak’s domain sampling? 6. Suggest changes to this test to make it better. For each suggestion justify your reason supporting each reason with psychometric principles from the text book or other materials used in your course. 7. Dr. Zak also gave his students the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The correlation between his test and the BDI was r =. 14. Evaluate this correlation. What does this correlation tell us about the relationship between these two instruments?

Sales and Inventory System Essay Sample free essay sample

The aim of this chapter is to place cardinal operational steps that may be used to analyze procedure flows. They are linked together utilizing Little’s jurisprudence. We so present a series of illustrations that show how procedure flow analysis may be used to analyze public presentation. The aim is to analyze current public presentation every bit good as identify mark countries for betterment. We will write a custom essay sample on Sales and Inventory System Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We besides link the operational steps of public presentation to fiscal steps. In a category of 100 proceedingss we start by discoursing the importance of constructing a clip based capableness in today’s competitory environment. We so set up Little’s jurisprudence to put up other operational steps – viz. stock list and throughput that impact flow clip. Several illustrations from the chapter are discussed to do this relationship clear. We so link these operational steps to fiscal steps to place what signifier betterments may take. We so discuss the Kellogg CRU Rental instance to show how such an analysis may be used to place cardinal countries for betterment. 3. 2 Additional Suggested Readings We assign a short instance as auxiliary reading for the analysis of procedure flows. The instance is used to make a thorough analysis of flows and place cardinal drivers of cost and gross in a procedure. This apprehension is so used to place actions that improve public presentation. * â€Å"CRU Computer Rentals† . Kellogg Case. Writer: Sunil Chopra. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. Kellogg. northwesterly. edu/cases/index. htm. Suggested assignment inquiries are contained in the instance. 3. 3 Solutions to the Chapter Questions Discussion Question 3. 1The antonym of looking at norm is looking at a specific flow unit’s flow clip. and the stock list position and instantaneous flow rate at a specific point in clip. Because flow times change from flow unit to flux unit. it is better to look at the norm over all flow units during a period of clip. Similar for stock list and throughput. Discussion Question 3. 2In pattern. one frequently tracks stock list position sporadically ( each twenty-four hours. hebdomad. or month ) . Flow rate is typically besides tracked sporadically ( even more often than stock list position because it straight relates to gross revenues ) . It so is easy to cipher the norm of those Numberss to obtain mean stock list and throughput during a period. In contrast. few companies track the flow clip of each flow unit. which must be done to cipher the mean flow clip ( over all flow units during a given period ) . Discussion Question 3. 3First. pull a procedure flow chart.Second. cipher all operational flows: throughput. stock list. and flow clip for each activity. Third. cipher the fiscal flow associated with each activity. If the activity incurs a cost ( or earns a gross ) . the cost or gross rate is merely the throughput times the unit cost or gross. If the stock list incurs a keeping cost. the stock list cost rate is merely the mean stock list times the unit keeping cost. Fourth. summing all gross rates and subtracting all cost rates yields the net income rate. straight broken down in footings of the relevant throughputs and stock list Numberss. The latter therefore are the minimum set of operational steps to foretell fiscal public presentation. Discussion Question 3. 4For the section of revenue enhancement ordinances we haveAverage stock list I = 588 undertakings.Throughput R = 300 projects/yr ( we assume a stable system ) . Thus. Average flow clip T = I / R = 588 / 300 = 1. 96 year.This is larger than six months. So we should differ with the section head’s statement. Discussion Question 3. 5If GM and Toyota have same bends. and we know thatbends = 1/flow clip = 1/T.it follows that their norm flow times are the same. We besides know that Toyota’s throughput is twice that of GM. Therefore. from I=RTit follows that Toyota has twice the stock list of GM. Thus. the statements are inconsistent. both companies have the same flowtime but Toyota has higher stock list than GM. Discussion Question 3. 6Yes. low stock lists means few flow units are held in the buffer. In contrast. fast stock list bends means short flow times ; i. e. . flux units do non pass a long clip in the procedure. As such. one can hold high bends with high or low stock lists ( it all depends on what the throughput is ) . Discussion Question 3. 7A short cost-to-cash rhythm means that it does non take long to change over an input into a sold end product. Clearly. this is good because we do non necessitate to finance the input for a long clip before it earns gross ( i. e. . lower working capital demands ) . Short cost-to-cash rhythm requires short flow times. which imply low stock lists ( for a given throughput ) . or high throughput ( for a given stock list ) . Exercise 3. 1 ( Bank )For the bank we haveAverage stock list I = 10 people.Throughput R = 2 people/min ( we assume a stable system ) .Therefore.Average flow clip T = I / R = 10/2 min = 5 min. Exercise 3. 2 ( Fast-Food )For the fast nutrient mercantile establishment we haveAverage stock list I = 10 autos.Throughput rating is as follows: Cars try to come in the thrust through country at a rate of 2 cars/min. However 25 % of autos leave when they see a long waiting line. Therefore. autos enter the thrust through at a flow rate R = 75 % * 2 cars/min = 1. 5 cars/min. Thus Average flow clip T = I / R = 10/1. 5 min =6. 67 min. Exercise 3. 3 ( Checking Histories )For a checking history we haveAverage stock list I = mean balance = $ 3. 000Turns = 6 per twelvemonth.Average flow clip T = 1 / turns = 1/6 twelvemonth = 2 months.ThereforeThroughput R = I / T = 3. 000/2 = $ 1. 500 / month. Exercise 3. 4 ( ER )First pull the flow chart with all the informations given: We assume a stable system. This implies that mean inflow peers mean outflow at every phase. In this instance you are given inventory Numberss I and flux rate R = 55 patients/hr. There are two flow units: ( 1 ) Those that are possible admits: flow rate = 55*10 % = 5. 5/hr. ( 2 ) Those that get a simple prescription: flow rate = 55*90 % = 49. 5/hr. To happen the norm flow times. we use Little’s jurisprudence at each activity for which the flow clip is unknown: ( 1 ) Buffer 1: Roentgen = 55/hr ( both flow units go through at that place ) . I = 7. so that waiting clip in buffer 1 = T = I/R = 7/55 hour = 0. 127 hours = 7. 6 proceedingss. ( 2 ) Registration: flow clip T = 2 min = 2/60 hour. All flow units flow through this phase. Therefore flow rate through this phase is R = 55 / hour. Average stock list at enrollment is given by I = RT = 55*2/60 = 1. 83 patients. ( 3 ) Buffer 2: Roentgen = 55/hr ( both flow units go through at that place ) . I = 34. so that waiting clip in buffer 2 = T = I/R = 34/55 hour = 0. 62 hours = 37. 1 proceedingss. ( 4 ) Doctor clip: depends on the flow unit:4a: possible admits: T = 30 proceedingss4b: prescription folks: T = 5 proceedingss OK. now we have everything to happen the entire norm flow times: happen the critical way for each flow unit. In this instance. each flow unit merely has one way. so that is the critical way. We find its flow clip by adding the activity times on the way: ( a ) For a possible admit. mean flow clip ( buffer 1 + enrollment + buffer 2 + physician ) = 7. 6 + 2 + 37. 1 + 30 = 76. 7 proceedingss ( B ) For a individual stoping up with a prescription. mean flow clip ( buffer 1 + enrollment + buffer 2 + physician ) = 7. 6 + 2 + 37. 1 + 5 = 51. 7 proceedingss. The reply to the other inquiries is found as follows: 1. On norm. how long does a patient spend in the exigency room? We know the flow clip of each flow unit. The mean flow clip over all flow units is the leaden norm: 10 % of entire flow units spend 76. 7 proceedingss while 90 % spend 51. 7 proceedingss. Therefore. the expansive norm is: T = 10 % * 76. 7 + 90 % *51. 7 = 54. 2 proceedingss. 2. On norm. how many patients are being examined by a physician? This inquiry asks for the mean stock list at the doctor’s activity. Again. first calculate stock list of each type of flow unit:( a ) Potential admits: R = 5. 5 patients/hr. T = 30 min = 0. 5 hour. therefore. I = RT = 5. 5/hr*0. 5 hr = 2. 75 patients( B ) Simple prescription: R = 49. 5 patients/hr. T = 5 min = ( 5/60 ) hour. therefore I = RT = 49. 5* ( 5/60 ) = 4. 125 patients Therefore. entire stock list at the physician is 2. 75 + 4. 125 = 6. 865 patients. 3. On norm. how many patients are in the ER?This inquiry asks for entire stock list in ER = stock list in buffer 1 + stock list in enrollment + stock list in buffer 2 + stock list with physicians = 7 + 1. 83 + 34 + 6. 865 = 49. 695 patients. Exercise 3. 5 ( ER. triage )The procedure flow map with the triage system is as follows: The stock list. and clip spent in assorted locations are as follows. In each instance the deliberate measure is italicized. Throughput through ER. R = 55 patients / hr = . 9167/min.Average stock list in exigency room. I = amount of stock list in all phases = 50. 63 patientsAverage clip spent in the exigency room = I/R = 50. 63/ . 9167 = 55. 23 proceedingss.For patients that are finally admitted. mean clip spent in the exigency room = clip in buffer 1 + enrollment + buffer 2 + triage nurse + buffer 3 + physician ( possible admit ) = 71. 18 proceedingss. Exercise 3. 6 ( ER. triage with misclassification )In this instance the procedure flow map is altered slightly since there are some patients sent from simple prescriptions to buffer 3. ( We will presume that the physician â€Å"instantaneously† recognizes misclassification so that a misclassified patient does non pass 5 proceedingss with the physician. However. if you assume such individual besides spends 5 proceedingss. the full methodological analysis below follows. merely increase the relevant flow clip by 5 minutes. ) The stock lists. throughputs and flow times are as follows: Throughput through ER. R = 55 patients / hrAverage stock list in exigency room. I = amount of stock lists in all phases = 37. 46Average clip spent in the exigency room T = I/R = 37. 46/ . 9167 = 40. 86 proceedingss. To cipher flow times. we should separate three types of flow units: ( 1 ) those that are right identified as possible admits the first clip: flow rate = 55*9 % = 4. 95/hr. Average flow clip = clip in buffer 1 + enrollment + buffer 2 + triage nurse + buffer 3 + physician ( possible admit ) = 56. 82 proceedingss ( 2 ) those that are first mis-identified as simple prescription and subsequently corrected and redirected to possible admits: flow rate = 55*1 % = 0. 55/hr. Average flow clip = clip in buffer 1 + enrollment + buffer 2 + triage nurse + buffer 4 + buffer 3 + physician ( possible admit ) = 74. 80 proceedingss ( 3 ) those that are right identified to acquire a simple prescription the first clip: flow rate = 55*90 % = 49. 5/hr. Average flow clip = clip in buffer 1 + enrollment + buffer 2 + triage nurse + buffer 4 + buffer 3 + physician ( simple prescription ) = 38. 89 proceedingss For patients that are finally admitted. that is types ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) . mean clip spent in the exigency room is the leaden norm of their flow times. Type ( 1 ) is fraction 4. 95/ ( 4. 95+0. 55 ) = 90 % of those admitted and type ( 2 ) is 0. 55/ ( 4. 95+0. 55 ) = 10 % of those admitted. Therefore. mean flow clip for patients that are finally admitted is 90 % *56. 82min + 10 % *74. 80. 8min = 58. 62 min. Note that the overall mean flow clip over all patients is: 9 % *56. 82min + 1 % *74. 80min + 90 % *38. 89. 8min = 40. 86 min. in understanding with the figure derived straight from Little’s Law above. Exercise 3. 7 ( Orange Juice Inc ) First let us detect that there are two periods in the twenty-four hours: 1. From 7am-6pm. oranges come in at a rate of 10. 000kg/hr and are processed. and therefore go forth the works. at 8000kg/hr. Because influxs exceed escapes. stock list will construct up at a rate of ?R = 10. 000-8. 000kg/hr = +2. 000 kg/hr. Therefore. because we can non hold oranges stored overnight. we start with an empty works so that stock list at 7am is zero: I ( 7 am ) = 0. Because stock list builds up linearly at 2. 000kg/hr. the stock list at 6pm is I ( 6pm ) = 2. 000 kg/hr * 11 hour = 22. 000kg. 2. After 6pm. no more oranges come in. yet treating continues at 8000 kg/hr until the works is empty. Therefore. influxs is less than escapes so that stock list is depleted at a rate of ?R = 0 – 8. 000 kg/hr = – 8. 000 kg/hr. Therefore. since we have that I ( 6pm ) = 22. 000kg. we know that stock list depletes linearly from that degree at a rate of -8. 000 kg/hr. Therefore. to empty the works. stock list must make zero and this will take an sum of clip ?t where: 22. 000 kilogram – 8. 000 kg/hr ?t = 0. or?t = 22. 000/8. 000 hr = 2. 75 hr = 2 hour 45min.Therefore. the works must run until 6pm + 2hr 45min = 8:45pm. This can all be diagrammatically summarized in the stock list construct up diagram shown above. 3. Truck kineticss: for this the stock list diagram is truly utile. Notice that we have taken a entire procedure position of the works. including the truck waiting waiting line. Therefore. stock list is entire stock list in the bins + stock list in the trucks ( if any are waiting ) . So. let’s draw the thick line on the stock list build-up diagram. stand foring the bin storage capacity. First stock list builds up in the bins. When the bin is full. so the trucks must wait. This happens at: 2. 000 kg/hr ?t = 6. 000kg. so that the first truck will wait after ?t = 6. 000/2. 000 hr = 3 hour. which is at 10am. Now. the last truck that arrives ( at 6pm ) joins the longest waiting line. and therefore will wait the longest. That â€Å"unfortunate† truck will be able to get down dumping its contents in the bins when the bins start consuming. This is at 22. 000 kilogram – 8. 000 kg/hr ?t = 6. 000. or after ?t = ( 22. 000-6. 000 ) /8. 000 hr = 2 hour. after 6pm. Therefore. the last truck departs at 8pm and the maximal truck waiting clip is hence 2 hours. Now. among all the trucks that do wait ( i. e. . those geting after 10am ) . the first truck delaies practically zero proceedingss. and the last truck waits 2 hours. climaxing in an norm of ( 0 + 2 ) hrs/2 = 1 hr. Notice that the trucks geting before 10am do non wait. Thus. the overall mean truck waiting clip is ( # trucks geting before 10am * 0 + # trucks geting after 10am * 1hr ) / ( entire # of trucks ) . Because input rate is 10. 000kg/hr and each truck carries 1. 000 kg/truck. the truck input rate is 10 trucks/hr. so that the overall mean truck waiting clip is: ( 10 trucks/hr * 3hrs * 0 + 10 trucks/hr * 8hrs * 1hr ) / ( 10 trucks/hr * 11 hour ) = 8/11 hour = 43. 63min. Average waiting clip can besides be calculated by detecting that the country of the upper trigon in the build-up diagram represents the entire sum of hours waited by all trucks: Area = ( 22. 000 – 6. 000 ) kilogram * ( 8pm – 10 am ) /2 = 16. 000 kilogram * 10 waiting hour /2 = 80. 000 kilogram waiting hrs = 80. 000 kilogram waiting hour / ( 1. 000 kg/truck ) = 80 truck waiting hour. Now. we merely calculated that there are 80 trucks that do wait. hence the mean waiting clip among those trucks that do wait is 8 0 truck waiting hrs/ 80 trucks = 1 hr. Exercise 3. 8 ( Jasper Valley Motors )Part a. TURNStotal = 1/Ttotal so Ttotal = 1/8 old ages = 1. 5 months Itotal = RtotalTtotal = 160 vehicles/month * 1. 5 months = 240 vehicles. which is the reply. Typical mistakes: incorrect units and saying that â€Å"I = 160* ( 1/8 ) = 20 vehicles. † Part B. Similar to portion a. we have Tnew = 1/7. 2 old ages = 1. 667 months and Tused = 1/9. 6 old ages = 1. 25 months. Inew = 0. 6 * 160 vehicles/month * 1. 667 months = 160 new vehicles Iused = 0. 4 * 160 vehicles/month * 1. 25 months = 80 new vehicles Entire monthly funding costs so 160* $ 175 + 80* $ 145 = 28. 000 + 11. 600 = $ 39. 600/month. Cost per vehicle are so $ 39. 600/month ( 160+80 ) = $ 165 per vehicle per month. which is the reply. Typical mistakes:1. Not recognizing that the cost driver is stock list. non throughput. ( Taking a throughput-weighted norm would give 60 % * $ 175 + 40 % * $ 145 = 163. alternatively of the right inventory-weighted. ) 2. Not taking a leaden norm. Clearly. the reply must fall between $ 145 and $ 175. 3. Giving entire monthly costs alternatively of per vehicle. Part degree Celsius. From Little’s Law. cutting clip 20 % while keeping R unchanged will cut down stock list by 20 % . From portion b. mean monthly funding costs for new vehicles is 160* $ 175 = $ 28. 000/month. A 20 % bead gives $ 5. 600 per month. which is the reply. Typical mistakes:1. Assuming the service works besides on used autos. taking to 20 % $ 39. 600/month= $ 7920/mo. 2. Merely saying the value per auto per month: We cut down Tnew from Tnew = 1/7. 2 old ages = 1. 667 months by 20 % *1. 667mo = 1/3 minute. This saves 1/3mo * $ 175/new auto. minute = $ 58. 33/new auto. ( Multiplying by 96new cars/mo would hold yield the right $ 5600/mo. ) 3. Reducing the flow clip by 20 % does non intend that turnover is increased by 20 % . ( On the contrary. really. turnover additions here from 7. 2 to 9. which is 25 % . )

Germans in the American Revolution

Germans in the American Revolution As Britain fought its rebel American colonists during the American Revolutionary War, it struggled to provide troops for all the theaters it was engaged in. Pressures from France and Spain stretched the small and understrength British army, and as recruits took time to try, this forced the government to explore different sources of men. It was common in the eighteenth century for ‘auxiliary’ forces from one state to fight for another in return for payment, and the British had made heavy use of such arrangements in the past. After trying, but failing, to secure 20,000 Russian troops, an alternative option was using Germans. German Auxiliaries Britain had experience in using troops from the many different German states, especially in creating the Anglo-Hanoverian army during the Seven Years War. Initially, troops from Hanover- connected to Britain by the bloodline of their king- were placed on duty in the Mediterranean islands so their garrisons of regular troops could go to America. By the end of 1776, Britain had agreements in place with six German states to provide auxiliaries, and as most came from Hesse-Cassel, they were often referred to en masse as Hessians, although they were recruited from all across Germany. Nearly 30,000 Germans served in this way during the span of the war, which included both normal line regiments and the elite, and often in demand, Jgers. Between 33–37% of the British manpower in the US during the war was German. In his analysis of the military side of the war, Middlekauff described the possibility of Britain fighting the war without Germans as â€Å"unthinkable†. The German troops ranged greatly in effectiveness and ability. One British commander said the troops from Hesse-Hanau were basically unprepared for the war, while the Jgers were feared by the rebels and praised by the British. However, the actions of some Germans in plundering- allowing the rebels, who also plundered, a major propaganda coup which caused exaggeration for centuries- further reinforced the considerable numbers of Britons and Americans angry that mercenaries were being used. American anger at the British for bringing in mercenaries was reflected in Jefferson’s first draft of the Declaration of Independence: â€Å"At this very time too they are permitting their chief magistrate to send over not only soldiers of our common blood but Scotch and foreign mercenaries to invade and destroy us.† Despite this, rebels tried frequently to persuade the Germans to defect, even offering them land. The Germans at War The campaign of 1776, the year the Germans arrived, encapsulates the German experience: successful in battles around New York but made infamous as failures for their loss at the Battle of Trenton, when Washington won a victory vital for rebel morale after the German commander had neglected to build defenses. Indeed, the Germans fought in many places across the US during the war, although there was a tendency, later on, to sideline them as garrisons or just raiding troops. They are chiefly remembered, unfairly, for both Trenton and the assault on the fort at Redbank in 1777, which failed due to a mixture of ambition and faulty intelligence. Indeed, Atwood has identified Redwood as the point at which German enthusiasm for the war began to fade. Germans were present in the early campaigns at New York, and they were also present at the end in Yorktown. Intriguingly, at one point, Lord Barrington advised the British king to offer Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick, the commander of the Anglo-Hanoverian army of the Seven Years War, the post of commander in chief. This was tactfully rejected. Germans Among the Rebels There were Germans on the rebels side among many other nationalities. Some of these were foreign nationals who had volunteered as individuals or small groups. One notable figure was a buccaneering mercenary and Prussian drill master- Prussia was regarded as having one of the premier European armies- who worked with the continental forces. He was (American) Major-General von Steuben. In addition, the French army which landed under Rochambeau included a unit of Germans, the Royal Deux-Ponts Regiment, sent to try and attract deserters from the British mercenaries.   The American colonists included large numbers of Germans, many of whom had initially been encouraged by William Penn to settle Pennsylvania, as he deliberately tried to attract Europeans who felt persecuted. By 1775, at least 100,000 Germans had entered the colonies, making up a third of Pennsylvania. This stat is cited from Middlekauff, who believed in their abilities so much he called them â€Å"the best farmers in the colonies† However, many of the Germans tried to avoid service in the war - some even supported the loyalist caused – but Hibbert is able to refer to a unit of German immigrants who fought for the US forces at Trenton – while Atwood records that â€Å"the troops of Steuben and Muhlenberg in the American army† at Yorktown were German.Sources:  Kennett,  The French Forces in America, 1780–1783, p. 22-23Hibbert, Redcoats and Rebels, p. 148Atwood, the Hessians, p. 142Marston,  The American Revolution, p. 20Atwood,  The Hessians, p. 257Middlekauff,  The Glorious Cause, p. 62Middlekauff,  The Glorious Cause, p. 335Middlekauff, The Glorious Cause, p. 34-5

10 Fundamental Ways To Boost Your Facebook Organic Reach By 193% - CoSchedule Blog

10 Fundamental Ways To Boost Your Facebook Organic Reach By 193% Blog Frustrated with your Facebook organic reach? You aren’t alone. Facebook marketing has changed a lot over the past few years.  The days are gone when you could throw up a Facebook post and then sit back and do nothing while tons of engagement filled your page. Now most brands are lucky if 10% of their fans see their posts in the news feed. But we can help! At Facebook’s F8 conference in April, everyone finally learned how the news feed algorithm actually works.  What’s the bottom line? Facebook wants marketers to step up their game. If you want to increase your organic reach on Facebook, I encourage you to be laser-focused on a proven strategy that works. 10 Fundamental Ways To Boost Your #Facebook Organic Reach By 193% via @PostPlannerWhat is organic reach on Facebook? Its a measurement of how many folks see your organic content. In this post, I’m going to show you how to DOUBLE your Facebook organic reach. How do I know you can do this? Because we did it.  Our Post Planner Facebook page  grew 193% from January 1, 2015–December 31, 2015. 193% is a crazy number. At the time I’m writing this, we are at 379,000 fans. And yes, it’s 99% organic growth. Simply Measured, the most respected data analysis tool, analyzed the insane growth on our page.  They recently completed their case study, and we compiled an ebook with their results. You can read more about that here- Case Study: How to Grow Your Facebook Page by 193%. Every tip in this post comes straight from our playbook.  These are the strategies we used to more than double our own Facebook organic reach. We hope you use these strategies to blow up your own page, too. Let’s get started! 1. Find The Right Content Mix For Your Audience As a Facebook marketer, you’ve probably read a few articles about how to find the type of content that resonates with your audience. If your content doesn’t click, your fans aren’t going to engage with it.  If your fans don’t engage with it, you’re going to struggle with growing your reach. But think about this- the success of your content goes beyond the value it provides.  Let me explain what I mean. It’s important to choose the right mix of content and post it in the right order.  In other words, you want to post the right content to the right audience at the right time. Josh Parkinson, Post Planner CEO, talks about this a lot in our Social Media Bootcamp  training every week.  On our page, we typically alternate between engaging photos (ie. funny pictures) and links. We find the engaging photos in Post Planner. Each time someone likes, comments, or shares that engaging content,  they send a signal to Facebook that they want to see more of our content. This helps us get seen more in the news feed when we post the links that go back to our blog. Your fans are people, and people like to be entertained. They want you to show your personality. And, they want to know you’re real. Your fans want to see your personality, be entertained, and know you're real.For the past few months, we’ve also started tossing a Facebook Live video into the mix several times a week, too. It humanizes our brand and lets people see behind the scenes. Are you just posting links on your page? If so, you’re most likely not getting the engagement you want. Consider mixing up the variety of your content. Once you find the right formula for your audience, you’ll keep them coming back for more! 2. Get To Know Your Facebook Insights Inside And Out Test your content often. Dig into your Facebook Insights like crazy. Get to know each page of your Insights inside and out. But don’t just read the data. Learn from it. Learn what each metric means and how to interpret the numbers. Here's an example of  Facebook Insights: Most of all, learn how to use the info in your Insights to make data-driven decisions about your Facebook marketing. Be agile and quick to change your strategy as needed. The content that worked well last week might fall flat this week. A wise woman once said, â€Å"Amateurs guess, professionals know.† Take the guesswork out of your Facebook marketing by attacking your Insights like a pitbull! 3. Use Visual Marketing As Eye Candy To Stand Out In The News Feed I’m not talking about just posting photos. As a sophisticated marketer, you already know the power of using photos on Facebook. According to Buzzsumo, Facebook posts with images get 2.3 times more engagement than those without images. I’m talking about using visual marketing to tell your story and to communicate your brand’s message.  Visual marketing has become a force to be reckoned with on Facebook! It’s no longer an option to post visual content on Facebook. It’s become necessary for marketers to at least learn the basics of image creation. There are so many ways to use visual marketing to grow your Facebook page: Create branded quote images. Pull tips from your blog posts and put them on images. Use powerful imagery to develop thought leadership in your niche. Use visual marketing as eye candy to stand out in the news feed. Choose any of the easy-to-use apps that are available, and you’ll be creating branded images in a minute or two. Here’s a post with the apps we like to use to create images: 13 tools for creating engaging Facebook images. This list is a good place to start if you’re looking for help with this! For example, here’s a simple image we created. It lists the five  things we consider when creating viral quote images for Facebook. Recommended Reading:  How To Make The Best Social Media Images The Easy Way (+ 84 Free Images) 4. Show People You’re Listening And Paying Attention Nobody wants to go to a Facebook page, leave a comment, and then hear crickets. Instead, they want to feel special! Real people want to connect with other real people. They want to know you’re approachable. Most of all, they want to know you’re paying attention to your page. Once they know you’re listening, they’ll be more likely to visit your page and engage with your content again. When someone takes the time to interact with your page, acknowledge it. Even if all you do is â€Å"like† their comment, you’ve still acknowledged it. Facebook reach tip #4: Respond  when your fans mention you.5. Recycle Your Evergreen Content If you’re trying to increase your Facebook organic reach, this is important! It’s one of the cornerstones of our 193% page growth. Evergreen content is the content you create that never gets old. It stands the test of time, and it remains relevant and useful to your fans. Recommended Reading:  How To Make And Repurpose Evergreen Content To Get 283% More Results Each time that content posts on your Facebook page, it reaches a new audience. At Post Planner, we have around 500 evergreen blog posts that rotate on our page. Not only do these posts consistently drive traffic to our website, but they continue to build thought leadership in our niche. There’s a recycle feature within the Post Planner app. We just click the recycle button, and then we don’t have to think about it again. Each time a piece of evergreen content posts, it goes to the bottom of the list to post again someday. If you have a library of evergreen content (even if it’s just 10 or 15 posts), start recycling on your Facebook page. It will contribute to your page growth and become a consistent source of website traffic for you! 6. Be Strategic About Your Posting Times There are lots of opinions about the best posting times on Facebook. The way we see  it at Post Planner, nobody knows the best times to post on your page except you. You are the only one with access to your Insights. Posting at the right time can mean the difference between going viral and not being noticed at all. Posting at the right time makes the difference between virality and not being noticed.The key here is to make this decision based on your data. If you have an online business and your audience is global, look at the times you’ve selected. Are there any holes that need to be filled? Some marketers suggest posting at peak times when people are on Facebook. Others suggest posting at non-peak times since there’s less competition in the news feed. We suggest that you test different times to see what works best on your page. Even if you only test this for a few weeks, you’ll start to see patterns emerge in your Insights. Remember, the best times to post on your page might not be the times when you are typically on Facebook. Be flexible and open to change. Recommended Reading:  What 16 Studies Say About The Best Times To Post On Social Media At Post Planner, we oftentimes post at 45 minutes past the hour. We do this because people have appointments and meetings during the day that begin at the top of the hour. In the few minutes before those meetings start, what do they do? Yep, they grab their phones. We want our post to be sitting there waiting for them in their news feed when that happens. So far, this posting strategy has worked well for us. 7. Work To Become A  Valuable Resource In Your Niche We all have those go-to Facebook pages we count on for valuable info in our industry. They are the pages that always have something interesting to share, and they help us stay up-to-date about what’s going on. Make it your goal to be a valuable resource like that for your niche. How do you go about doing that? Here are three actionable steps you can take today to start moving in in that direction: Think about the problems your fans/users are facing. Be empathetic about their struggles. Solve their problems. Be the SOLUTION. Share other people’s content. By doing so, you show your audience that your focus is on them, not you. Share a piece of content that will be valuable to them (even if it doesn’t direct them back to your website or blog). Give away your knowledge. Don’t hold back. Give people a reason to like your page and engage with your content. Share your secret sauce. Doing this will establish thought leadership and exude confidence! Recommended Reading:  How To Schedule Your Social Media Content Curation For Massive Growth 8. Plan Your Content In Advance If your audience loses interest in your page,  you’ll lose your ability to increase your Facebook organic reach. It’s a tough pill to swallow when you’re working hard to post high quality content consistently. That’s why it’s so important to plan your content in advance. If you plan and schedule your content ahead of time, you can be more strategic about each piece of content you post. These are the five  types of content we’ve talked about in this post so far: Your own website or blog content Other people’s content Branded images Funny pictures Facebook Live video What kind of content can you curate or create for each one of those categories? Prepare and plan that content in advance. In doing so, you’ll always be confident in knowing that the right piece of content is going out at the right time- consistently. You’ll also avoid the stress of trying to find content to post at the last minute. 9. Consider Posting More Than You’re Posting Now Like I mentioned at the beginning, Simply Measured’s case study shows that our page grew 193% in 2015. 99% of that growth was organic. But even more interesting was learning that 65% of that growth was from October–December. What did we change during those last three  months of 2015? We increased our posting frequency by 29%. During the first nine  months of 2015, we averaged 247 posts per month. But during October–December, we averaged 319 posts per month. The last thing a Facebook marketer wants is for fans to hide their posts or unlike their page. But what if your fans are craving more from you?  What if you could increase your Facebook organic reach by simply posting more frequently? Increasing your Facebook posting frequency can increase your reach.At Post Planner, it was a risk we were willing to take, and it paid off. I’d like encourage you to test this strategy on your own page. Watch your Insights along the way. 10. Post Audience-Tested Content Anytime you can post audience-tested (proven) content on Facebook, you’ll be setting yourself up for success. If a piece of content has already been successful on Facebook, then chances are, it will be successful again. This theory can be applied to different types of content. For example, look in your Insights to see which blog posts have gotten the most reach. Those are posts that resonate with your audience. Be sure to post those again. Here's an example of how used a Twitter Poll to collect almost instant feedback to find  audience-tested content ideas: All the content within Post Planner is audience-tested and ranked with our 5-star rating system. Whether you’re choosing a funny picture or a trending article in your niche, you can look at the star rating to see how likely it is that it will perform well on your page. It’s predictive content. It takes even more of the guesswork out of trying to figure out what content will work on your page and what content won’t. Final Thoughts On Facebook Organic Reach Increasing Facebook organic reach has gotten tricky- but it’s definitely still do-able! No matter how you look at it, you’ll need to be savvy and agile to get seen more in the news feed and noticed by your fans. The tips in this post are the exact things we did to increase our Facebook organic reach 193% in 2015. We hope you’ll take these strategies and apply them to your own page! And we’d love to hear about your Facebook journey and your results along the way. If you’d like to get more detailed info about what you can do to double your Facebook organic reach, consider reading our free ebook. We put it together using the case study data provided by Simply Measured. You can grab your copy at 10 Data-Driven Ways to Grow Your Facebook Page by 193%. Thank you for reading my post and happy Facebooking!

Credit Derivatives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Credit Derivatives - Essay Example (Moorad Choudhry, 2004) Theoretically, credit derivatives make a new class of assets made to trade default risk on a range of maturity without a collateral constraint. However, the potential efficiency benefits of credit derivatives are being reduced by lack of liquidity globally, the repo market use in hedging and the lack of secondary markets. The pricing of these instruments is affected by factors such as the option to deliver the cheapest bond and liquidity. In addition, emanating from lack of arbitrage, the rate of repo and bond over libor spread can be utilizedd to price the default swap. (Romain G Ranciere, 2002) In relatively short time, the credit derivative markets have grown, becoming a key component of capital markets and embracing a wide range of participants. They form an important part of the corporate bond market used for hedging and speculative purposes. Credit derivatives are ‘over the counter’ (OTC) instruments and therefore, very flexible; they can be specifically made to suit individual needs and can be used for a wide range of applications. These OTC instruments have a number of advantages such as their ability to be tailor made to suit specific requirements, their ability to isolate the underlying loan or bond from certain aspects of credit risk and their ability to be used by the banks in business restructuring as they allow these banks to parcel out credit risk while retrieving assets on the balance sheet. The three most common credit derivative instruments are credit default swaps, total return swaps, and credit-linked notes. The credit derivatives market share in the corporate sector is estimated at 80 percent and is essentially made up of high yield fixed income market in developed economies. Ironically, the credit derivatives upon upcoming sovereign bonds form the remaining 20 percent. (Moorad choudhry, 2004) BRIEF HISTORY OF CREDIT DERIVATIVES. Although since 1975 credit instruments were operating, it is in the year 19 96 that credit derivative markets really started. This came from financial institutions’ held concern about credit risk exposure regarding them. At that moment, the credit derivatives markets started being viewed as a compliment to the loan securitization markets. Quickly, the credit derivatives’ markets developed solely and simply became an important place to hedge as well as take credit risks on sovereign and corporate debts alike. During the crisis in Asia, from july of 1997, the emerging credit markets made a break in forward surge. The markets were slowed down by the absence of standardized documentation until 1999, when the International Swap and Derivatives Association (SDA) credit derivatives definitions were published, though. In year 1998, during which year the Russian nation bond defaults started. Credit derivatives markets were again triggered although some legal documentation problems were highlighted. However, the 1999 ISDA definitions reduced the causes of legal disputes. It is during that period of time that the year 1999 Ecuador-quasi voluntary bond exchange was put under recognition as a credit event. It is also at some time later that the investment markets agreed that the 2000 Argentina debt swap did not constitute a credit event. The Argentina turmoil of 2001

Reflection Paper on The History & Philososphy of Education Term

Reflection on The History & Philososphy of Education - Term Paper Example Spreading the awareness of a specific subject matter, in an explicit style is understood as education. Thus the philosophy of education can be either the process of educating others or the wide fields of education and its understanding. The inborn curiosity provoked the earliest man to seek and learn more; of what is around and how to bring betterment and produce comfort from it. This includes the major aim of producing well rounded people and to inculcate the love of learning. The process of learning and teaching is discussed and described by many philosophers. However, all of them hold their view point according to the cultures and times they lived in but some, few elaborated the education purpose and laid the foundation for upcoming generations to understand and explore the horizons of it. Philosophy of Education: Through history one can see that, how the great philosophers of all times learned from one another and left the theories for the upcoming youth to explore and gain. Socr ates, Plato and Aristotle; three pioneers of philosophy of education explained their philosophies, which helped others to understand the aim of learning. Socrates taught Plato and is known for his explicit work on ethics and methods. From there onwards Plato followed the footsteps of his teacher and laid the foundation stone of doctrine for education, and called it Academy. Elaboration: Plato advocated the idea of integrity, not only for the state but for the individuals who are learners. The learners are dependent upon teachers who are fairly in a position to deliver the right kind of knowledge in an appropriate manner. Through his theory, one can understand better the significance of the responsibility on a teacher’s shoulder for educating. He also described the various types of learner and their learning styles and how their learning can be supported, like scaffolding; to enhance the capability of each individual. The core of his ideology was to handle an individual in suc h a manner that the support (scaffolding) is there, but he acquires the skill of learning himself; that he stated can only be achieved in certain environment and through following the knowledgeable. The reasons behind law and rules cannot be understood by all; therefore he promoted the idea of children to learn specific skills under the supervision of knowledgeable personalities. They are the people, who can nourish the positive aspects of a subject, as any subject of knowledge contains; the negative factor which pessimistically impacts the personality of a child; leaving him as a destructive member of the society rather than constructive. Plato strongly believed that arts and literature did not help the learning process; on the other hand they are acting like slow poison, addicting the victims and throwing them in a state of unreality. The general idea is that young children are unable to distinguish between reality and fiction. Thus telling them false stories which are far from re ality; is a disorder one develops readily which later on encourages doubts and imbalanced thinking. He was against poetry, music because they produced uncontrollable passion which later becomes a cause of many ethical issues. Moreover, it doesn’t provide with any knowledge and has no practical meaning to it. His theories revolved around the moral values and thus sustaining and inculcating them in the offspring too. He discouraged the concept of myths and stories to young children, as they are far from real

National Savings Essay Example for Free

National Savings Essay â€Å"National saving can be used domestically or internationally. Explain the basis of this statement, including the benefits to the nation of each use of its saving. † First of all, let’s understand the concept of national savings. In economics, a countrys national savings is the sum of private savings (i. e. personal savings) plus the business savings (i. e. undistributed corporate profits) and public savings (i. e. tax revenues less public expenditure). (economicswebinstitute. org, 2003) (Wikipedia. org, 2008). So in simple words, what people save i. e. hen they avoide to consume all their income, is called personal savings. These savings can remain on the bank accounts for future use. For the economy as a whole, national saving is the portion of the nation’s income not used for private and public consumption. Just as for people, saving for the national economy is the act of setting some of current income aside for the future instead of spending it for current consumption. (Gao. gov, 2001). So the savings left in bank accounts are an important part of money. This money could be used by banks, which can decide to finance businesses. The amount of money used for investment depends on the deposits, which banks receive. So an increase of personal savings and/or corporate profits could increase investment. Companies which do not distribute a certain part of its corporate profits, will keep that money in bank accounts also for future business opportunities. Domestic investment could be investment in new factories and equipment, which can increase productivity of the nation’s workforce. The increased productivity, in turn, will lead to higher wages and greater economic growth over the long term. Gao. gov, 2001). So we come to the first conclusion that if national savings increase, a country through its banks could invest more in its economy and finance more projects and support the economy. In general, more national saving will increase a nation’s capacity to produce more goods and services and generate higher income in the future. (Gao. gov, 2001). This phenomenon has been seen in a couple of Asian countries, where the saving rate of households was very high like in Russia, Japan and China, which were able to industrialize quickly. It seems also that there is a close association between national savings and domestic investment in developing countries. These countries are in desperate need for cash to invest in infrastructure and boost its economy including industry, service, etc. Before going to the international market and asking for loans, these countries will first of all make use of every penny that they can find in their banks. So one of the main findings, is that national saving provides resources for a nation to invest domestically. Traditionally, there has been a strong relation between domestic savings and investment ratios. feweb. vu. nl, 2009) The question now is: will these resources be used only in the country itself or could they be used elsewhere. In a closed economy the national savings will definitely be reinvested in the domestic economy. But this is only in theory, since nowadays we can not really find a 100% closed economy anymore! There are countries that have high net saving surpluses and which need to invest it. These countries are sometimes too small to be able to offer the right investment opportunities for this huge liquidity. Countries in the Arabian Peninsula like Qatar, UAE or Kuwait are the best example. In addition, capital is getting very mobile and can be moved easily from one country to another and invested abroad. (wikipedia. org, 2008). With all that money floating around looking for an investment, it doesnt seem that domestic savings are all that important any more. (socrates. berkeley. edu, 2011). Let’s elaborate more on the benefits of investing the national savings abroad? We agree that the sum of national saving and saving borrowed from abroad represents the total amount of resources available for investment. This investment could be used to purchase capital goods like plant, equipment, software, houses, and inventories, by businesses and governments. (socrates. berkeley. edu, 2011). So what are the benefits of investing the national savings abroad? Will this really lead to improving domestic economy and increase the wealth of the people? An investment abroad does indeed increase the nation’s wealth and will generate income. This income could be again reinvested in the domestic country or abroad. One of the very obvious examples is the economy of the GCC countries. Qatar is one of the smallest and wealthiest countries in the world. Its main wealth comes from oil and gas, which accounts for more than 90% of its GDP. Qatar invested huge billions in its domestic economy (infrastructure, refineries, ports, real estate, preparation for world cup 2022, etc). It still has huge amount of money, which could be invested strategically. It currently, invests billions of petrodollars in all 5 continents. It has bought shares in big companies in all kind of industries (oil and gas, banks, luxury, airlines, soccer etc). By doing so, it will even help other companies and countries invest in successful businesses and boost their economies. The other countries probably have national savings which are lower than the needed domestic investment. They will borrow from foreign savers (in this case Qatar) to compensate the difference. Qatar will also repatriate this money or even reinvest it. This is a way to create more wealth to Qatar and the Qatari people of the next generations. A similar phenomenon is seen in other GCC countries, Singapore or Norway which have the so called sovereign wealth funds, that move huge amount of money from one place to another searching for the best investment opportunities. National savings is beneficial for each nation,, which needs to invest in its domestic economy. It’s also important for other nations, which borrow the money in the international capital market. By doing so, they can make use of the capital flows to invest in their economies and pay back the loans. So in total the world economy is more dynamic. Huge amount of money go to where the investment opportunities are. As a conclusion, we can say that national savings and the resulting investment have huge implications on the wealth of a nation and of course on the well being of people in current and future generations.

freud - is civilisation problematic :: essays research papers

DOES FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC INTERPRETATION OF THE PSYCHE TURN CIVILIZED EXISTENCE INTO SOMETHING PROBLEMATIC? The question I have chosen is   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Does Freud’s psychoanalytic interpretation of the psyche turn civilized existence into something problematic?†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This question is essentially asking whether what Freud believes about the human psyche (or mind) contradict a belief in an harmonious society, and therefore is civilised existence essentially nothing but a dilemma.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I will attempt to answer this question by drawing on what Freud postulated about the psychical. This will then be used to explain why the ‘human psyche’ is on a constant quest for ‘the whole’, or satisfaction, and how this only leads only to constant discontent and an unconscious drive for self-destruction, known as the ‘death instinct.’   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Firstly, Freud proposed many theories about the psyche, the basis of which being the segmenting of the psychical into three sections: the conscious, the unconscious and the preconscious. The conscious is the section of the mind containing thoughts that we are aware of. Conscious experiences can be thought about rationally as well as verbalised. The unconscious is the section of the mind that is not directly accessible to awareness, and has been described as a ‘dump box’ for thoughts and emotions relating to hurt, conflict and anxiety. Freud argues that these thoughts and emotions have not disappeared but that they are constantly, unconsciously, influencing what we do and the decisions we make. And finally, the preconscious is where ordinary memory is stored. Thoughts and feelings stored here are neither conscious nor unconscious, however, they are capable of becoming conscious at any time . This division is the foundation of psychoanalysis, and understanding its complexities is necessary when one is to comprehend mental pathological processes. In Freud’s analysis of civilisation, he postulated that civilisation has two characteristics, which are inter-dependent upon one another. As stated by Freud in The Future of an Illusion, civilisation ‘includes on the one hand all the knowledge and capacity that men have acquired in order to control the forces of nature and extract its wealth for the satisfaction of human needs, and, on the other hand, all the regulations necessary in order to adjust the relations of men to one another and especially the distribution of the available wealth.’ In other words, civilisation is characterised by the knowledge man has gained and used to manipulate the forces of nature with the purpose of satisfying man’s needs, as well as the regulations which alter man’s interactions with each another and the allocation of wealth.

Evil Disney, Research Response to Henry Giroux Essay

There are plenty of hotbed issues on how the Disney corporation’s sociological and socio political ideologies are embedded into their products and how they affect children, but very few ask why Disney would place hidden ideologies in their movies/shows. What reasons would Disney have to program children with outdated morals while trying desperately to uphold a model image of innocence? What practices has the disney corporation practiced that some would consider immoral or even illegal? To answer these questions the following issues must be explored in more depth: The history and actions of Disney from its inceptions to the present,Walt’s strict â€Å"moral† code along with the legacy he left behind, the policies of Disneyland along with the corporation’s political, judicial and economical power, Walt’s ties to the FBI and organized crime syndicates, and the revolving door politics in our government. Disney’s powers have allowed them unprecedented freedoms associated with a private company and the pandora’s box that is Evil Mickey. First,what is the Disney corporation and how did it come to be? It was created almost single handedly by Walter Elias â€Å"Walt† Disney. He was born on December 5, 1901, one of five children. Walt had a love for drawing cartoons early on and even made money as a child by selling some of them to family and friends. When he was 16 he joined the Red Cross as an ambulance driver for WW1 after being denied service in the army for his young age. This patriotic fervor that would later shape his cartoons. When he returned home from the war he made a few failed attempts at working in different animation companies until he and his brother, Roy, started the Disney Brothers Studio in 1923 after moving to California. The two of them prospered despite two major setbacks becoming one of the most powerful media conglomerates today. Their first setback happened In the late 1920’s. Disney learned that Winkler and her husband, Charles Mintz, had basically stolen their entire enterprise when they stole the rights to Oswald, an early character for his laugh-o-grams. Along with all but one former employee, Iwerks, who refused to leave Disney, hopefully winning him employee of the year. (biography. com) Charles was unsatisfied with the production costs for earlier creations. When Oswald became highly successful, Mintz hired all of the former employees thereby giving the rights to the later formed Universal picture’s first creation. According to his biography, during this time Walt’s wife was pregnant with their first child and Walt went into a deep depression claiming it on â€Å"financial stress†. (sito, ch5) There is a lot of speculation about this time in Walt’s life. Some say that the Mishpucka and the organized mob had an influence into this(babbit); the mob, who at the time were powerful in the freezone of Hollywood, controlling unions, local law, real estate, film sets, etc. Time Magazine, Nov. 1, 1943, wrote, â€Å"In the witness chair in Manhattan’s Federal Court sat bland, Wily Willie Bioft (pronounced Buy-off), blackmailer, panderer, labor leader, and now star witness against eight ex-pals, who are charged with shaking down $1 million from the movie industry†¦ Question: Was it true that Bioft once had a five-year plan for taking over 20% of Hollywood’s profits-and eventually 50% interest In the studios themselves? Bioff (wistfully): â€Å"If we’d lasted that long, we would have. Question: â€Å"Did you ever say you were boss of Hollywood and could make producers do whatever you wanted? † Bioff: â€Å"Yes-and I could make them dance to my tune. † Although Bioff rolled over on his pals and ended up getting car bombed later there is no proof that Walt ever worked with them or against them. The only link between Walt and the Mishpucka/Mafia is Mafia associate, Henry Cohn. After the first setback with Mintz Walt was heavily in debt and needed some way to bounce back his business after losing nearly everything but his mind. Henry offered to give Walt a loan. The thought of the mafia looming over his head is one of the reasons stated for his severe depression (Rasmussen&Sito) The theft of Oswald, was a blessing in disguise that lead to the creation of Mickey Mouse and later to create the worlds first full length animated movie in 1937, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, which won 8 Oscars and made 1. 5 million despite being in the midst of an economic meltdown. (biography. com) Opening up Disney to a whole new realm of marketing and showing Walt the popularity and power of his studios. The second setback was the strike of 1941. Which was instigated by the firing of former head of the Federation of Screen Cartoonists and later leader of the Screen Cartoonists Guild, Art Babbitt on May 28, which caused 200 animators to go on strike almost immediately. (Sito&babbit) Walt early on had discovered that propaganda and public image were key to selling media, which is why he was so studious about keeping the interior of the workplace â€Å"Christian†. Walt had created the Federation of Screen artists to better control his workers, which was a union that regularly met with him on issues such as wage increases, better hours, less footage quotas, and better work environments. Since Walt was notorious for being a bit cruel and demanding in the office. (rasmussen) Though as soon as Art learned this he created the Screen Cartoonists Guild whose recruiting patterns were not the nicest methods possible but it did get them all to join â€Å"There were these tough union guys who said we couldn’t enter the door unless we joined, so we did. Under protest I joined. Because of the new job classification my salary doubled overnight. So i can’t complain about the union. † (sito) This was a time when union laws were strong under Teddy Roosevelt, more often than not the law would favor the people over the corporation. This was also a time when many Mob bosses were often also Union bosses so it was a give and take situation. Unions were now viewed as less as a helpful barrier between workers and the corporations to something evil, something, Communist. With the Red scare well under way and people were mixing socialist ideologies with communism. Though at this time the idea of communism was quite popular the way patsies were during the prohibition age. It was doing quite well in the underground of society. Even within Disney there was communism, Walt even thought communist agitators were the culprit to the 1941 strike. sito) This all of course is the end result of years of oppressive rule under Walt along with strengthening unions demanding better pay and working conditions. Walt hated those whose ideas drifted more towards the left wing which would fit the image of the highly conservative man he was. In the office an employee could be fired on the spot for any kind of social infraction. If an employee cursed or made any sort of rude engagements with a woman they would be forced to leave and of course there was no drinking allowed in his office. Disney employees under Walt had to get a hall pass to go to the restroom or get up at all† Of course walt was known for his rages, often times screaming at artists who had not met his quotas of 30 to sometimes 60 feet of film in one day. He was also known to be a heavy drinker in his officeâ€Å"You could smell the gin on his breath everyday after lunch† (Sito) Walt testified about the strike in the hearings of the House Committee on Un-American Activities about this and much more calling them â€Å"Communist agitators†, among other less decent things. sito) This of course started the well documented relationship between Walt and the FBI from 1940 till his death. He was promoted to full Special Agent in Charge Contact, which meant he had people under him finding communists and saboteurs, Ronald Reagan being one of his fellow operatives under T-10. He and Reagan Blacklisted many writers, actors and artists for having a differing political belief as that of the reigning government. The FBI also gained access to Disneyland to use as a platform for whatever they want. There is talk online on blogs that the FBI still use Disneyland to monitor foreign nationals entering the park since the threat of communism no longer applies. (Herbert&Sito&Babbit&Rasmussen) The relationship Walt had with the FBI and the ability to blacklist anybody he wanted may subscribe to Disney’s amazing rise during this time as a media powerhouse(but thats only speculation) This cozy relationship between Disney and the government has continued through the wonderful world of the revolving door politics. A sad modern relationship that is so commonly seen between politics and private companies. Many who are in executives in Disney will enter into politics and gain high levels positions starting as lobbyists and squeezing their way into actual positions of power in the government. Marsha Macbride for example, worked as an FCC chief of staff to chairman powell for years before sometime in the late 1990’s she started to lobby for Disney and was a major advisor in the clinton administration as well as during the merger of time warner and AOL, which Disney ended up winning and gaining rights along with cash settlements in 2003. The next year she is working as the Executive Vice President for Legal and Regulatory Affairs at the National Association of Broadcasters and still is. (gov relations 1-3) Another is Lisa Caputo who served citigroup, disney vp of communications and as a bill clinton staffer (gov relations 5)or Susan Fox who worked as an fcc advisor before going to work for disney as an advisor between the government on their divisions such as the Disney Interactive Media Group, Disney Channel, the Disney ABC Cable Networks, ABC and ESPN. (gov relations 4) Others include George mitchell who worked in on Board of Directors as well as a US senator. Eileen O’connor was a news producer for ABC but is now working in a US embassy. Dennis Hightower a former Sr. executive officer transferred to Dep Secretary of commerce. (gov relations 3&5)There is even a department of Disney called â€Å"Disney government relations† that has a direct link to another department within the FCC. After calling a few times and getting different information I got this â€Å"we work with our partners in government such as the AFA or the FCC to get better standards of broadcasting for the Disney corporation. Basically legally bribing politicians to lower their standards and to take Disney’s side in lawsuits and corporate takeovers. Now a days after Walt’s death Disney has expanded to epic proportions in the media industry. The public face of cuddly animals, children’s fairy tales and building theme parks â€Å"It also owns six motion picture studios, ABC television network and its 226 affiliated stations, multiple cable television networks, 227 radio stations, four music companies, three cruise lines, theatrical production companies, publishing houses, multiple educational shorts, 15 magazine titles and five video game development studios. (gabler)It became the cultural pervader of a perfect world with everything that it put its name on. But there is a darker side to Disney that is up for debate. The side of Disney that is bigoted, American exceptionalist, sexist, racist, and a purveyor of pain and suffering. The propaganda machine that is Disney today. Propaganda has always been an important part in any government, from mummers playing the latest military conquest to Disney’s subliminal messages of obedience in children’s movies. Producers construct fantasy societies that seem to run in perfect harmony where each worker and is happy to work their menial jobs and never aspire to try to raise themselves above their born level. This is seen in the workers of Antz, Sleeping Beauty and Oz. Always with an all powerful â€Å"just ruler†. These stories lead children into blindly following their leaders down the yellow brick road to the great and powerful Oz. â€Å"Workers are quite happy to â€Å"serve the rich and privileged, never questioning their subordinate position. (giroux pg 102). Another example is the Chicken little movie in 1938, where the people are the chickens, the farmer the government and the fox being intellectuals (with his psychology book) Programming americans, along with all of the other(now banned) wartime disney movies that seep out Walts own personal bigoted morals. Another example is the â€Å"Thrifty Pigs† which is trying to get people to buy war bonds to stop â€Å"the big bad wolf†, or â€Å"Home Defense† which makes fun of the French soldiers as being incompetent. All of these and countless others that were formed to get the people to fight in a war that we had no part in until Pearl Harbor. Or the worst one, â€Å"The spirit of the 43† â€Å"taxes to fight the axis† â€Å"Dont spend your money on things you dont need, give it to the government. † Nothing like big brother Disney. But this side of Disney stops, at least blatantly, after Walts death in 1966 when it became a modern heartless bureaucratic corporation. Yet hidden messages are still within modern movies, though with less obvious programming. â€Å"vciolinguistic construction† of social dominance and inferiority in which characters who use mainstream American English tend to be associated with â€Å"strongly positive actions and motivations†Ã¢â‚¬  [pg 102 of Giroux] While the antagonist is often of another nationality such as the British voiced Scar or any voice that isn’t middle class Suburbia speech, as seen in Ursula’s louisiana sw amp accent. This pushes children to view those of the lower social class, dark skinned people or foreigners to be â€Å"evil† and become xenophobic and racist towards anything different than themselves. Disney goes a step further and makes a culture of consumerism, â€Å"’without tenements or poverty or urban class conflict†¦ It’s a native white Protestant dream of a world without blacks or immigrants. â€Å", â€Å"image of small towns characterized by cheerful commerce, with barbershop quartets and ice cream sundaes and glorious parades. â€Å"(giroux pg 96) Everything media wise that Disney produces ends up becoming a cog in the Disney corporate machine with imaginers spewing out product after product to sell to children and increase profits. Children see a movie and want to emulate the role models perceived, then a commercial comes on after Mickey mouse club house for the newest enchanted Princess gown or Woody’s costume and the kids ask their parents to get it. Children have not just copied the looks of the protagonists in Disney stories but have come to expect those fantasies to play out in real life, when the real world isn’t such a happy place and has no room for such fantasy. People end up growing up focusing on material items and their personal lives instead of focusing on the fixable issues, calling it the American dream. This ideology of apathy is a big problem now with revolving door politics, politicians who promise the same things over and over and never fix them and blame the other side, failing infrastructure, falling public school standards and debt through the roof. Not saying that its all Disney’s fault, of course not. Though almost every American child has seen at least one disney movie, it’s almost impossible not to be sucked into Disney’s sway since they even show them often in public schools as educational videos never delving deeper. As a social manipulator Disney has taken the fight out of us. Programing us to follow American exceptionalism since the American was the hero is portrayed morally just whilst his/her enemy spoke in an exotic accent along with generating xenophobism of other cultures. Reinforcing children to follow the status quo and not to learn about the rest of the worlds culture outside their own narrow sphere of friends and family, enclosing ourselves in a media shell while proliferating American’s culture and moral values to other nations, who view disney as the true america. Disneyland †¦ it is the â€Å"real† country, all of â€Å"real† America† -Jean Baudril ­lard [pg 95 of giroux. ] To be fair, countless other â€Å"children’s shows† show â€Å"non moral/family friendly broadcasting, especially now. Watching Spongebob as a child or the modern shows such as Adventure Time or the Regular Show and then seeing them as an adult. Explaining why my mother would laugh at certain parts of the shows that I didn’t laugh at. I notice now the abundance of sexual jokes I missed as a kid and the references to drugs, crimes, war, and all the other stuff thats messed up with the world. So this kind of hidden messages has been deeply imbedded into all sorts media, they are adults working on childrens shows after all, so i doubt they’d be â€Å"mature†. What is evil about Disney is the corporation and those leading it, not the movies that they put their name on. This culture of consumerism that the corporation has exacerbated has evolved into a new network with companies working together to sell a common goal.

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Induced Plenteous Stem Cells Applied to the Held of Regenerative Medicine Imagine having the opportunity to travel back in time with the power to alter the outcome of the future. As pleasing as this may sound, such occurrences just do not seem realistic or even possible in today's world. Although, if we take a step back and look into time travel on a smaller scale, at the cellular level, it is indeed possible to revert to an earlier stage of life.Specifically focusing on terminally differentiated anatomic cells, scientists are now able to induce plenipotentiary thanks to the findings from Sir John B. Gordon, and Shinny Yamaha. Findings from Cordon's paper inform us that all cells in an organism contain the same genetic Information. The difference in gene expression leads to one cell type over another. This Implies that somatic cells should have the ability to give rise to a variety of cell types under the appropriate conditions because all of the cells have the same DNA content.Findi ngs from Handyman's paper tell us that the factors responsible from the maintenance of allurements in early embryos and embryonic stem cells also are responsible for inducing plenipotentiary in somatic cells. The factors from Handyman's discovery are COT-3/4, KILL, SOX, and c-NYC; these four transcription factors work together to effectively induce plenipotentiary and have greatly advanced the technological applications of genetic reprogramming. The field of regenerative medicine has especially benefited from the genetic reprogramming advances.One of the main goals of regenerative medicine is to restore structures of damaged tissues as well as to restore functions of damaged organs . A major application for regenerative medicine Is In the field of cardiovascular medicine. The use of regenerative medicine for cardiovascular disease treatment Is appealing because It Is much less Invasive that transplantation and open-heart surgery. In order to determine which combination transcription factors are able to create normal cell fates from the damaged cardiac tissue, induced plenteous stem cells are an intricate part of the drug screening technique often used.The drugs capable of inducing plenipotentiary and repairing the damaged tissue have the potential to treat cardiovascular disease n human patients. Alternative options for repairing damaged tissue include transplantation of new organs from donors. Cardiovascular diseases continue to account for the leading cause of death in American. Due to the high frequency of deaths caused by heart malfunctions in society, researchers are constantly trying to discover new ways for treatment and prevention.Despite the alternative methods used to treat cardiovascular diseases, the use of Induced plenteous stem cells for regenerative medicine Is overall beneficial to the field of cardiovascular medicine cause It Is a less Invasive option that can effectively restore wounded cardiac tissue by replacing cardiologists and reducing o ccurrences of fibrosis (Upon, 2011). Cardiovascular repair than other options, such as transplanting an entire heart. Before regenerative medicine had the clinical potential it currently possesses, scientists first needed to have a comprehensive understanding of the heart and its development processes.Muscle tissue in the heart is referred to as cardiac muscle. One cell type that encompasses cardiac muscle is the cardiology. Each mature dull cardiology only contains a single, unique nucleus and expresses cardiac transcriptions factors, which allows for their calcium ion handling and contractile properties (Upon, 2011). Normally, these adult cardiologists cannot regenerate once damaged (Upon). This leads to the malfunction or loss of function within the heart, causing many of the heart conditions prevalent in society.Studies show that induced plenteous stem cells can differentiate into the three electroencephalographic phenotypes of cardiologists: nodal, trial, and ventricular (Upon, 2011). In a injunction human heart, nodal cardiologists are found at the bottom, trial cardiologists pump blood in, and ventricular cardiologists pump blood out to the lungs and the rest of the body. Each phenotype shows that suppositories can successfully increase the rate of contraction while ceremonially can decrease the rate of contraction (Upon).Ellen Peon's review paper explains that the function of cardiologists in the heart is to perform the contraction for blood flow. More importantly, it explains that the presence of specific chemicals, suppositories and ceremonially, effects the speed of contraction. Peon's findings about the specifics of heart contractions are extremely beneficial information in terms of regenerative medicine applied to cardiovascular diseases because a heart that is uncontrollably pumping too fast or too slow has the potential to be regulated simply by adding either suppositories or ceremonially concentrations to the environment.Both chemicals could be studied further to determine if a drug design involving the two is reasonable for treatment. Even though using induced plenteous stem cells to generate heart tissue is less invasive, there are drawbacks to be looked onto further by researchers. In the review paper, Upon notes that cardiology's derived from induced plenteous cells are immature functionally and structurally. This is problematic because at immature stages, the electrical properties of the cardiologists are similar to that of those of heart failure.It was also observed the the derived cardiologists were about ten times smaller than the normal adult cardiologists. Most importantly, the safety and practical worth of the induced cardiology's is unknown because there is not a lot of information about the amphibology of these cells. Downsides noted in Samurai's paper include the large-scale preparation that goes into creating these induced cardiologists and the elimination of undifferentiated induced plenteous stem cells fr om generating the cardiology's.With all that being said, there is promising potential for using regenerative medicine as a less invasive means to treat cardiovascular diseases. An alternate method used to bypass these downfalls is the cell-sheet technique. This technique involves harvesting a sheet of undamaged cells and transplanting them directly on top of the injured organ. The idea is that the undamaged cells will essentially promote recovery of the organ's wounded cells. Kumara and others illustrate the efficacy of induced plenteous stem cell derived cardiology sheets. Improve cardiac function (Kumara, 2011).Chemic cardiopulmonary is when there is a lack of oxygen supply to the heart muscle tissue, causing measurable deterioration of it function. Sheets of cardiologists capable of restoring tissue after being deteriorated is a feasible option for treating chemic cardiopulmonary. However, this is still invasive for the patient and tissue is still be removed from one action and t ransplanted to another. Inducing regenerative cardiologists is still a much less invasive option to restore cardiac tissue. As previously mentioned, there is not a lot of regenerative potential for heart tissue once it has been wounded.One of the reasons for this is due to the activation of cardiac fibroblasts (Song 2012). A cardiac fibroblast is a particular heart cell type that is responsible for maintaining the structural integrity of connective tissues. Activation of these fibroblasts leads to cardiac fibrosis (Song, 2012), which is simply the formation of excess connective issue in the hearth. It is the fibrosis that interferes with regeneration of cardiac cells causing a number of problems like the loss of contractile function and the increased susceptibility to arrhythmias (Song, 2012).But because most of the cells of the heart are in fact cardiac fibroblasts, they are a potential regenerative medicinal source of cardiac function restoration. One major success of regenerative medicine as it relates to cardiovascular medicine is the repair of heart tissue by reprogramming non- mystery with cardiac transcription factors performed by Kuhn Song along with there researchers. Song's paper shows that GATE, Hand, MFC, and TPTB are able to reprogram mouse cardiac fibroblasts into contracting cardiac-like mystery in vitro and in vivo.The discovery of these essential cardiac inducing factors can act as the platform for answering more fundamental research questions in the future. Data from Songs research illustrate that the expression of these four transcription factors enhances cardiac function while decreeing adverse ventricular remodeling following infarction. Findings from this study shows that the efficiency of reprogramming to induced cardiac-like mystery using GATE, Hand, MFC, and TPTB is comparable to the reprogramming of induced plenteous stem cells by the Yamaha factors (Song).The method of retrovirus transduction was used to incorporate the transcription factors into the genome of the non-moseyed in order to bring the cells back to a plenteous state. Although viral and retrovirus transduction is a convenient method to incorporate new DNA sequences, there are drawbacks that may be adversely effecting outcomes of the induced plenteous cells. There are a couple of key disadvantages using viruses and vectors to incorporate DNA into a host's genome. One disadvantage is the genomic integration that occurs with retrovirus vectors.Genomic integration involves inserting DNA sequences directly into the host's cells DNA. The problem is that vectors integrate near the starting point of transcription causing either enhance transcription more than normal or this can disrupt transcriptions. The results from both outcomes are altered expression due to the technique used rather than the genetic information present. The likelihood of residual transgender expression is another disadvantage to using vectors as a means of incorporating new DNA sequence s.Residual transgender expression is when genetic material from one organism remains after it is transferred leading to the protein synthesis with the contents of the lingering DNA. Residual transgender expressions, research has been done to find alternative methods that are as practical in a clinical setting. A successful alternative to retrovirus transduction involves virus-free integration methods. In relation to cardiovascular medicinal applications, cardiologists have been successfully derived from virus- free induced plenteous cells.Shish Meta and others demonstrate that virus-free induced plenteous stem cells are able to differentiate into cardiologists with the characteristic cardiac-specific properties. The induced cardiologists showed think and thin filaments of muscle proteins, as expected to be seen normal adult cardiologists (Meta, 2011). Additionally, the induced cardiologists expressed calcium ion handling and ion channel proteins, which further confirms the heart tis sue development. Overall, the virus-free methods are preferred over retrovirus vector methods in clinical settings because the outcomes have less harmful potential in vivo.Despite some of the critical downfalls discussed, it is clear that the use of induced plenteous stem cells for regenerative medicine is ultimately useful to the field of cardiovascular medicine because it is a less invasive option that effectively restores wounded cardiac tissue by inducing cardiologists and reducing occurrences of fibrosis (Upon, 2012). Peon's paper shows that in the presence of suppositories and ceremonially, cardiologists contraction rates are affected. Drug designers working to create heart-regulatory drugs to control abnormalities in retreats now have more information to work with.Additionally, researchers are able to use this information as a platform for additional research to understand how to control irregularities in cardiology contractions. The use of regenerative medicine for cardiovas cular disease treatments is an emerging technological strategy that holds great potential for the future of human health.

Hello Kitty case study Essay Essay Example

Hello Kitty case study Essay Essay Example Hello Kitty case study Essay Paper Hello Kitty case study Essay Paper 1. 0Introduction Hello pool is a cartoon character of a little white cat that looks sort. Sweet and cute. with a button nose. two black dot-eyes. six beards and a thread in her hair. Hello pool has no oral cavity and this represents a major beginning of emotional association for purchasers and purchasers can set many different feelings to the small cat. Owners and their cat can be happy. sad and cheerful or any other feelings that user wants to experience. Hello Kitty was foremost introduced in Japan in 1974 and is a section of Nipponese popular civilization and hullo pool is a Nipponese dock cat besides knows as kitty white. Presently hello pool is 40 old ages of age ; hello kitty hallmark is deserving over 5 billion yearly worldwide. 2. 0What the entreaty of Hello Kitty? What needs does it carry through? Hello Kitty entreaty is success in Japan to the prevalence of the Kawaii civilization in the state. The Japanese. irrespective of their age. were known to hold a passion for ‘cute’ objects. ‘Kawaii’ itself average cute. Hello Kitty non merely popular among childs but for grownup excessively. They describe as ‘kidult’ . the combination of ‘kid’ and ‘adult’ . It attracts user who love pink and cat. For case. it was considered normal for adult adult females in Japan to be seen with nomadic phone instances that were adorned with sketch characters. or for Bankss to publish cheque books with images of sketchs. The postal section issued casts having popular sketch characters. Even the Nipponese authorities used Hello Kitty as touristry run in Hong Kong and China. Hello Kitty is carry throughing the demand of belonging and love. She has become a friend and has its ain societal fans. Peoples will experience happy when they buy it for their ego or have it as a gift. The visual aspect and cuteness brand people happy when they see it. It becomes collectible points and fans become happy when they can roll up all the assorted expressions of Hello Kitty. 3. 0What brand Hello Kitty distinctive in its early old ages from other dolls. and what made non-distinctive in ulterior old ages as its gross revenues declined? In its early old ages. Hello Kitty is the most attractive because that clip at that place no other animate that is cunning and stand for a miss. Hello Kitty so go viral that attract people from any ages. It non merely the symbol of prettiness but besides as a friend. Hello Kitty for a small miss she become a friend. for teenager particular friend and tendency and adult females besides is attracted as the symbol of feminine. Hello Kitty enters all age groups and market. The ‘kawaii’ thing that make it really attractive comparison to other dolls. Even though Hello Kitty was still among the top-selling trade names in Japan. the avenues for future growing seemed limited. The increased popularity of other animate like Pokemon among female consumers make the attractive force of Hello Kitty’s was at hazard in Japan. Sanrio may hold succeeded in resuscitating the trade name in the 1990s by shifting Hello Kitty to do her appealing to a larger figure of people. However. the company could non draw off the same fast one a 2nd clip. There were several grounds for this. Hello Kitty had already been placed on a broad scope of points and there were few new points left. Furthermore. Technology alterations factor may take to it declined. Abundance electronic and gadget that is more attractive to kids and adolescent. All the appliance come with sound and voice that is more attractive to be ticker. Hello Kitty is created without oral cavity. so it a spot hard to make a telecasting life likes others. It seems eldritch if Hello Kitty has a voice because she doesn’t have mouth. 4. 0How have the demands of kids change over the old ages in term of what they look for in a doll? Today engineering alteration quickly with many appliance and advanced engineering in market. As a user it affects us when we can’t catch up with the alterations. We may go forth behind from other. This changes non merely consequence grownup but kids excessively. When playthings are now utilizing advanced engineering to show the energizer creativeness and to come in the market. The impact of this. kids more attract to calculate that are look more existent. Children today non merely looking for playthings that are attractive but come with voice and have their ain hallmark. Example like Upin Ipin. the telecasting series with in their in writing engineering. latest is Frozen life. Elsa is the popular one from the film. It becomes viral among kids. The films itself really interesting come with good graphic. plot line. vocal and merchandises. It’s a complete bundle that attract kids today. they memories the vocal. It’s wholly different with Hello Kitty that has no oral cavity and can’t talk. Hello Kitty has the sentimental value that non everyone can understand it. Children now want something that more related to existent life. existent look. The engineerings today have impact on kids pick. Decision There many rival that come with more advanced engineering that are more attractive non merely for kids but for grownup excessively. Hello Kitty is now left behind even there so many publicity and contract with large company. Hello Kitty has lost it reflect but non for the fans. The loyal fans are from childs from past twelvemonth that are adult today. Kitty fails to pull younger childs in this twenty-first century. Kids may wish the pool but still can’t be the loyal fans of pool. Hello Kitty should be able to get by with engineering alterations to pull immature child today. Hello Kitty must alter to something that is catchier suited with childs this twenty-first century.